'Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind' by Yuval Noah Harari is a bestselling non-fiction book, that takes us on a breath-taking ride through the entire history of our species – from our evolutionary roots to the age of capitalism and genetic engineering. Through its multidisciplinary, epic...
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Vladimir Putin is pushing humanity toward an era of war that might be worse than anything we have seen before. It could threaten the very survival of our species.
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State budgets in the era of the New Peace make for far more hopeful reading material than any pacifist tract ever composed. In the early 21st century, the average government expenditure on the military has been
only 6.5 percent, and even the United States, the dominant superpower, has spent only about
11 percent to maintain its supremacy. Because people no longer lived in terror of external invasion, governments could invest far more money in health care, welfare, and education than in the military. Average expenditure on health care, for example, has been 10.5 percent of the government budget, or about 1.6 times the defense budget. For many people today, the fact that the health-care budget is bigger than the military budget is unremarkable. But if we take the New Peace for granted and therefore neglect it, we will soon lose it.
Until recently, the military was the expected No. 1 item on the budget of every empire, sultanate, kingdom, and republic. Governments spent little on health care and education, because most of their resources went to paying soldiers, constructing walls, and building warships. The Roman Empire spent about 50 to 75 percent of its budget on the military; the figure was about 80 percent in the Sung Empire (960–1279); and about 60 percent in the late-17th-century Ottoman Empire. From 1685 to 1813, the share of the military in British government expenditure never fell below 55 percent and averaged 75 percent. During the great conflicts of the 20th century, democracies and totalitarian regimes alike plunged into debt to finance their machine guns, tanks, and submarines. When we fear that the neighbors might at any moment invade, loot our cities, enslave our people, and annex our land, that’s the reasonable thing to do.