THE TRUE AND ONLY HEAVEN Progress and Its Critics. By Christopher Lasch. 591 pp. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. $25.
Sometimes a scholarly work is more important for the questions it raises than the answers it provides. In this provocative, and certain to be controversial, book, Christopher Lasch, a professor of history at the University of Rochester, pursues a fundamental question: "How does it happen that serious people continue to believe in progress, in the face of massive evidence that might have been expected to refute the idea of progress once and for all?" According to Mr. Lasch, despite the shrill and acrimonious conflicts between the left and the right, they share a common belief in the inevitability and desirability of economic and technical development.
However, in "The True and Only Heaven" he maintains that the idea of progress rests on several untenable propositions: that material expectations can be constantly revised, that luxuries can be ceaselessly redefined as necessities, that new groups can be continually incorporated into the culture of consumption and that a global market embracing impoverished populations around the world can be ultimately created. Neither the right nor the left has yet come to grips with an increasingly obvious problem: "the earth's finite resources will not support an indefinite expansion of industrial civilization." Given the present rate of population growth, he argues, an environmental disaster would be created if the Western standard of living were successfully exported to the poorer nations of the world. Moreover, the advanced countries have neither the will today nor the resources to assume such an immense program of development. They cannot even address their own problems of poverty. "In the United States, the richest country in the world," Mr. Lasch writes, "a growing proletariat faces a grim future, and even the middle class has seen its standard of living begin to decline."